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Facility UPS and their problems

Key Points: 

• Most common facility-wide UPS uses double conversion - AC to DC to charge batteries, then DC from batteries back to AC output.
• Conversion losses lead to low efficiency of 40-60%. Inverters produce significant harmonic distortion and poor power factor, needing filters that further reduce efficiency.
• UPS systems can create electromagnetic interference, phase imbalance, and overload conditions requiring additional components like transformers that also decrease efficiency.
• On battery power, impedance and battery issues further worsen performance. Noise and grounding problems may require extensive mitigation measures.
• Overall, the multi-stage conversion and reliance on batteries in conventional double-conversion UPS introduces inherent limitations in addressing power quality needs efficiently. More adaptive solutions tailored to specific system characteristics may be better suited in some cases.